Techniques for Middle and High School Teaching Essay Sample free essay sample

Training incorporates learning and larning achievements or builds. At the point when individual is taught  it implies that that individual is being drawn out in a system intended to facilitate the acknowledgment of self-potential and idle enrichments thatsâ why secondary school life is significant https://studymoose.com/secondary school-life-essayâ The educators. as facilitators of this learning technique. must larn to create techniques that would leave comprehension in the most strong mode. These larning techniques would require to take in students’ diverse larning abilities.Personally. I favor a module-based guidance where those that have higher procurement capacities could proceed at more advancement exercises without the interest to sit tight for the individuals who need more clasp to comprehend an impossible to miss subject. Notwithstanding. in a progressively conventional scene. where all understudies are shown a similar subject in an unvarying walk. these are the procedures I would follow to regulate understudy open introduction and reference securing demands:Daily Review and Pre-Requisite Checksre-educating. We will compose a custom exposition test on Procedures for Middle and High School Teaching Essay Sample or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Introduction of New ConceptsIn using the procurement by learning develop. students will be doled out subjects to talk all through the semester. This is utile in allowing brilliant understudies the chance to larn in front and talk their obtaining with their classmates. This will other than gracefully for a possibility for non-splendid understudies to attempt more enthusiastically and take part in research so as to show the day’s exercises precisely. Brilliant understudies will be given the more hard and convoluted exercises to talk. while the non-splendid understudies will be appointed simpler subjects. The procurement by learning should be possible independently. by support. or then again by gathering. Guided PracticeIndependent PracticeWeekly and Monthly ReappraisalsMentionsMultiple Methods of Assessment[ Electronic variant ] . Recovered Oct. 12. 2007. fromhypertext move convention:/xnet. rrc. megabit. ca/glenh/effective_teaching. htm

Community Field Report Government and Relevant Stakeholders

Question: Depict about the Community Field Report for Government and Relevant Stakeholders. Answer: Foundation Notwithstanding the way that there have been a great deal of consideration on corpulence, the pervasiveness and frequency paces of this issue are ceaselessly expanding. As per State of Obesity (2016), the pervasiveness rate for heftiness in Florida has expanded by 18.4% from 2000 yet 11.4% expansion is noted from 11.4%. Simply dependent on these insights, it is evident that there have been a gigantic change in the socioeconomics of Orange County since 2010 as opposed to earlier years, however for the most part, everyone has expanded by a normal that is more than twice crease that of the national normal (TownCharts, 2016). Stirs (2013) recommends that heftiness will turn into a persistent cycle that will continue if the grown-up populace doesn't embrace the correct living systems to lay a model for their youngsters. Orange County is among the districts in Florida gravely influenced by high paces of stoutness, which are related with poor financial status, poor training, and absence of activity. However, people in Orange County have a 97.8% access to practice openings (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation refered to in Health practices, 2016). In this manner, this report talks about weight among the minority Hispanic and Blacks populaces by distinguishing and tending to factors that possibly incline them to corpulence. Network Description, Orange County Orange County is at the core of Florida County at the midpoint among Jacksonville and Miami. It comprises of 13 regions and spreads a territory of 1,004 square miles. On the north, Orange County is flanked by Seminole County and Osceola County on the south. Lake County fringes it on the west while Brevard County is on the east (Orange County Government Florida, 2016).- In contrast with different regions in Florida, the socioeconomics information that was discharged in 2015 showed that Orange district had the most elevated populace at 1,200, 240 as demonstrated in reference section 1. This populace has exponentially developed by 12.4% since 2010 and is to a great extent ascribed to movement. The whites make up the biggest segment of the populace at 69% while the African American record for 22.2% of this populace, and the Hispanic/Latinos make up 29.2%. The Blacks and Hispanics are a minority bunch that doesn't have satisfactory assets at its expendable to help great wellbeing; thereupon, this report expects to concentrate on these two gatherings of individuals. The Hispanics, likewise alluded to as the Latinos make up 26.9% of the populace in Orange County while Non-Hispanic Blacks make up 19.5% as appeared in the figure beneath (Orange County Government Florida, 2016). Adjusted from Orange County (2016) Populace Affected Since the Hispanics and the blacks are multiple times less fortunate than the whites, all things considered, they can't get to medicinal services offices; subsequently, high paces of unexpected weakness including high weight rates. As indicated by the Community Health Needs Assessment (2013) report, there has been an expansion in vegetable and natural product utilization in all populace gatherings of Orange County just as a solidness vis- - vis a decrease in inactive ways of life, hitting the bottle hard, and smoking in the past three years from the time the report was readied. In any case, the commonness of stoutness in Orange County as a feature of the tri-district locale in Florida expanded since 2010. As indicated by a report by Community Commons (2015), 23.5% of grown-ups from the age of 20 years had a BMI of more than 30.0 as demonstrated as follows. In spite of the way that corpulence keeps on being an issue in Orange County, in light of the guide beneath, the activities that have been set up inside the nation have assisted with keeping up it at levels of under 26.1%. Concerning this report by Community Commons (2015), the report territory assists with giving a conditional image of the circumstance in Orange County. In view of this report zone as demonstrated as follows, the decrease in corpulence is clear and a bigger number of guys than female appear to be influenced by stoutness. Wellbeing Inequity Stratton (2013) shows that there is monetary wretchedness among the minority populaces by demonstrating an examination that uncovers variety in circulation of assets among the different races inside Orange County, Florida. Though the blacks and Hispanics suffer from high destitution levels and joblessness, the whites sail in wealth and involve the wealthiest territories of the region. Notwithstanding the way that there has been documentation of the strikingly wide hole in pay, training, and expectations for everyday comforts among the distinctive ethnic gatherings, intercessions have not satisfactorily tended to this issue. Subsequently, I expect to overcome this issue by offering versatile wellbeing advancement benefits as laid out in my activity plan later in this paper. This will assist with expanding availability to human services since absence of medical coverage is a repressing component to getting to social insurance in spite of the Healthy People suggestion for 100% medicinal services protection inclusion (Community wellbeing needs evaluation, 2013). As indicated by State of Obesity (2014), less nutritious and calorie-thick nourishments are less expensive and moderate to low-salary and neediness stricken populaces. What's more low-pay families are food unreliable and more averse to get to the more advantageous and costly nourishments. In the article, Bill can shower food deserts with sustenance (2015), low-salary populaces at the national and area levels have a similar destiny. In light of this data, the low-salary neighborhoods are bunched in zones where markets and new produce goods and related stores are not accessible. In one investigation, just 8% of the African Americans lived in zones that had a grocery store in nearness (State of Obesity, 2014). Additionally, the vast majority of the promotions in these low-salary neighborhoods are of fatty nourishments that are low healthy benefit. The imbalances in pervasiveness and impacting variables of heftiness matter due to the related impacts of corpulence. As per the State of Obesity (2014), the clinical costs related with preventable infections, for example, heart ailments, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, and renal illness, could be stayed away from if measures to advance evenhanded dispersion of assets were set up. On a yearly premise, the medicinal services framework is troubled with $23.9 billion, which could some way or another be diminished or stayed away from if solid procedures to achieve the prescribed loads according to stature are set up. Wellbeing Concern Heftiness is an overwhelming danger factor for cardiovascular infections, particularly coronary illness because of the nearby connection among weight and hypercholesterolemia and hypertension (Obesity, 2005). As per Healthy People 2020 (2016), great sustenance, sound body weight, and physical movement are forerunners of stoutness, which is a basic component of a people generally wellbeing. The Health People 2020 (2016) note that a huge level of the American populace, and particularly those from lower-salary family units, minority populace gatherings, and neighborhoods alluded to as food deserts as portrayed beneath can't keep up a solid way of life through great sustenance and a functioning way of life. Measures Underway In 2012, a Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnership (MAPP) model was utilized as a feature of a Community Health Improvement Plan in Orange County (CHIP) (2012-2015 Orange County, 2012). While this arrangement is intended to decide the Community needs of the network on a general point of view, there are restricted explicit methodologies or mediations used to address explicit issues. Concerning stoutness as demonstrated in this report, goals were set out that should have been accomplished before a year ago's over, however information in this isn't accessible. Since one of the goals was to decide the obstructions of taking part in physical action in spite of the accessibility of recreational offices noted in Central Florida (2016) where people can work out, I will survey these hindrances and connect with the network in settling them. I expect to utilize the local gatherings to empower commitment in physical action. The Florida Department of Health (2014) shows a horde of activities that the division of wellbeing inside the nation have figured and occupied with to improve the wellbeing status of the individuals in Orange County. The different models used to improve wellbeing status affect heftiness somehow since it is featured as one of the significant hazard factors for constant infections. Since instruction on nourishment is led among the people in Orange County, I will assemble data on the themes that have been canvassed in my objective populace and spotlight on what has not been educated. In a yearly report by Florida Department of Health (2014), documentation of the 12 areas of general wellbeing accreditation (PHA) wellbeing inside Orange County was defined. All the twelve areas of wellbeing that were set up during this time are pertinent to heftiness, yet regarding this 2013 report, a significant part of the attention was on transmittable issues not at all like non-transferable ones like stoutness. Since the stage concerning the 12 areas has previously being set down, I will build up an activity plan that looks to use the present information on evaluation and difference in assets to build up a wellbeing advancement program meant to teach and empower the selection of a solid way of life while incorporating proof based practices. Along these lines, I will assist with accomplishing the destinations connected to the 12 spaces of PHA. Orange County is a piece of the Central Florida Community Benefit Collaboration as a transition to help in the usage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) that specifies the requirement for a Community Health Needs Assessment once in three years (Community Health Needs Assessment, 2013). The DOH in Orange County acknowledges proof based mediations through ceaseless clinical preliminaries and researc

An old mans thought of school

An old man’s thought of school DID YOU KNOW? The famous Pioneer Zephyr trains of the 1940s were named because a railway president wanted his trains to be considered the last word in transportation. He had originally told his coworkers to literally look up the last word in the dictionary, but decided that zymurgy was not a good name for a train. Yo, Im in grad school. Hows that going? Well, not too bad. In a way, I cant seem to ever get away from MIT. Half the books I use in my graduate classes were written by my MIT professors. During the first week of my product design and development class last semester, we were assigned a reading about all-around drug delivery rock star and MIT professor Bob Langer. The professor asked if anybody in the class knew who Bob Langer was. Half the hands in the room shot up, and a bunch of awestruck students breathlessly explained, OH, he came to my school once to give a lecture, and I could totally tell that everything in this article is totally true, like when he was talking about polymer synthesis, I could really hear his attitudes toward technology licensing and start-up companies. I was going to say, Yeah, I know 5 people who work in Langer Lab, and Ive worked with the MIT Technology Licensing Office. But I didnt say anything, because I try not to be a total jerk all the time. I mean, not all the time. Today I was looking at an old blog entry that I had started four months ago, and I discovered that I actually typed this: So, yo, let me say this unequivocally. Even if you graduate MIT with 72,000 credits in four years and publish 100 papers in Nature, start-up a biofuels company, write a cello concerto that is performed by MITSO, and obtain an Erdos number of 2, all of this in 4 years at MIT, if you ever ask yourself, Do I have time for a girlfriend? then YOU ARE DOING SOMETHING WRONG. Man, what a total jerk. That rather harsh quotation comes from a blog entry entitled Dont let it control you!, which Ive been trying unsuccessfully to write for the past six months. That title, in turn, comes from Professor Xs final line in X3, one of my favorite movie moments of all time. I was considering keeping the title when composing this new blog entry, but I decided that Walt Whitman would be an acceptable substitute. Because lets get this straight. I am an old man now. There are undergrads working in my lab, and I introduce myself to them, and they say, Oh, youre not an undergrad, right? Because you look so much older. When I was studying reaction kinetics on my plane ride back to the bay area, the flight attendant stopped while delivering my second cup of black coffee to remark, Are you a grad student? I could never understand any of that math stuff! (thats okay, Im bad at writing and being nice to people that I dont know). I dont even get carded when I buy alcohol anymore. I mean, Im guessing that I wouldnt. Granted, most of it probably has to do with the sweet beard that Ive grown. A bunch of the ChemEs decided to grow beards as part of a male bonding ritual before prelim exams in January. I just liked mine, so I decided to keep it for this month. Except for getting food caught in it, its been working out pretty well. You knew I couldnt get through my last ever entry on MITblogs without posting a picture of myself, didnt you? But what makes this old man think of school today? Well, Ive been systematically trying to remove myself from most of my MIT mailing lists. I took myself off my old floors mailing list the other day after discussion veered away from Apple Bake domination and onto discussions of which Star Wars movies they were going to watch on a given night. Which, I mean, is fun, but not really that important to my life anymore. Whereas apple pies baked 4,000 miles from me are totally fascinating in my inbox. Anyway, I actually managed to finally remove myself from the MIT Hillel list, somehow. Im working on getting off of MTG. But I keep myself on the MITblog e-mail list, just because were awesome. So today I woke up to the following e-mail on the MITblog list, from one of its younger contributors: Turns out that the aforementioned early showing of 21 is at noonsince Im not quite willing to skip class just to see a movie, even one about MIT, I will neither be going nor blogging. If by some black magic one of you guys also has the opportunity to see it, I retract my dibsbut I really would like to blog about it when it comes out for real on March 28 (during Spring Break). Sorry for the extra emails. ^_^ Apparently MIT is sponsoring a sneak preview of 21, the Bringing Down the House movie adaption, this week. As an old man, thinking of school, I was concerned that one of MITs rising young stars was not quite willing to skip class just to see a movie, even one about MIT. So I wrote back and linked to some entries that provided examples of me skipping school to do awesome things. The response? Apparently the blogger has a HASS paper due at 3 PM that day, and is therefore understandably nervous about going to see a movie at noon. The e-mail concluded, probably half-jokingly, Youre a bad influence, Sam Maurer. I was eating a salad comprised of spinach, walnuts, grapes, peas, and goat cheese in a balsamic vinaigrette, which is clearly what have must inspired the following burst of eloquence from me. Hokay, so HASS papers are important. But unless youre planning to still be writing the essay at noon on the day its due (which, I mean, I probably would be), seriously, go to the movie. Plan to go, and then if your paper doesnt work out on time, then skip the movie. Im a good influence. I didnt realize until my senior year that it was okay to skip classes for reasons other than total exhaustion. The sooner you figure this out, the happier your MIT experience will be. I mean, within reason. Dont skip all your 2.007 labs to go tanning on the esplanade, but if the choice is between awesome movie preview or ozonolysis, dont pick ozonolysis. I was actually going to write my last MITblog entry on this topic, but I got bored. You can still see the draft; its called Dont let it control you! And I read it back over, and I realized that this was exactly what Id been trying to say for the past six months. I thought Dont let it control you! would be a good message to conclude my MITblogging career forever. But, you know, youve got to be original. And plus, that entry was getting too convoluted with passive/aggressive attacks at other blogs Id been reading, not neglecting your girlfriend, how I was a pudgy awkward kid in high school, and a symbolic 6.003 add/drop form that I hung on the inside of the door of my dorm room. I feel like this one has worked out a lot better. Its a little bit friendlier, and I feel like it just generally is more cohesive and has more organic unity. Which, for me, is saying a lot. So if Im gonna gather my youthful memories and blooms, as Walt Whitman suggests, and if Im going to leave you with one message to summarize the most important thing I learned during my four years at MIT, its going to be this: Dont pick ozonolysis. Dont ever pick ozonolysis.

The Controversial Topic Of Medical Marijuana - 1284 Words

Justin Winn Ms. Watters 7/1/2015 ENG 302 Medical Marijuana: Up In Smoke The controversial topic of medical marijuana has caused a recent uproar in America. The once taboo subject is now openly discussed almost everywhere you go. Discussions can be heard on the news, radio, online forums, blogs, and documentaries. Even our former and current U.S. Presidents have weighed in on the topic. Although it is now being openly discussed, some people are still are under the assumption that it is a dangerous drug and should remain illegal. There are myths and misconceptions that have caused the cannabis plant to become completely misunderstood. What will it take to shed some truth on marijuana? To find out, we need to know the origins of the cannabis plant, the medicinal qualities that is possesses, and the repercussions of legalizing it here in America. The marijuana plant, also called cannabis, has been around since ancient times. As far back as 2000 B.C., ancient civilizations used this plant to treat their medical ailments. When Eg yptians had sore eyes, they used cannabis to treat it. Doctors in India could be found mixing weed with milk to use as an anesthetic a millennium later. The Greeks also used marijuana to remedy earaches In 200 B.C. (Webley). Cannabis was not introduced into America until much later when the Spanish people brought it here in 1545. Later, in 1611, the English people brought weed to Jamestown. From there, it became commercialized. Americans started growingShow MoreRelatedUse of Marijuana for Medical Purposes: A Controversial Topic592 Words   |  2 PagesIntroduction Although marijuana continues to be classified federally as an illegal narcotic, several states have passed laws to allow the use of cannabis (marijuana) as a medicine. Dozens of peer-reviewed studies, combined with the support of various medical organizations, have slowly paved the way for the use of marijuana to treat illnesses and medical conditions (Should Marijuana Be a Medical Option?). The illnesses and medical conditions that have been explored most in research include anorexiaRead MoreThe Issue Of Medical Marijuana Programs Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagesforefront two critical issues that surround this form of alternative medicine. 1. The controversial aspects of acceptance by the mainstream medical community in regards to the application or utilization of this form of treatment. 2. Legal implications based on Federal Law, and laws that originate at the State level. Federal law is specific in regards to marijuana in general. However, specific criteria for medical marijuana programs widely vary from state-to-state, with no form of standardization. MedicineRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana in the U.S. Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pages Legalization of Marijuana: A hot topic Tonie J. Moutra GEN 499 Dr. Curt Sobolewski November 26, 2012 The legalization of marijuana for recreational usage could may be a new trend in America but the Federal government will likely oppose usage through the end of time. The Drug Enforcement Administrations (DEA) stance is that marijuana is an illegal drug and that using this drug whether for medicinal or recreational purposes is illegal. I chose this topic to research because ofRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1517 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to controversial topics, none has stirred the â€Å"pot† more than the legalization of marijuana. It is one of the primary focuses on the War on Drugs. Many people use it recreationally. In recent years marijuana has become a medical breakthrough with a potential to treat conditions including pain and nausea caused by HIV/AIDS, cancer, Alzheimer’s and other conditions. Over the years, it has gained a tremendous amount of public support. Two states, Colorado and Washington, have already legalizedRead MorePros and Cons of Legalising Marijuana1126 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasingly common in modern-day society for both recreational use and for medication. The article by Craig Reinarman, ‘Criminalisation, legalisation and the mixed blessing of medicalisation in the USA’ generates many controversial issues of cannabis. The two-sided debate between embracing medical use of the drug through the therapeutic benefits and the link between cannabis and psychosis is explored. This issues also stems the question of the legitimacy of legalisation and criminalisation of cannabis andRead MoreIs Cannabis Dangerous? This Particular Issue Has Been Discussed,1291 Words   |  6 Pagesin today’s society. Many individuals have their own opinions on marijuana, whether it be positive or negative, but an objective perspective is necessary to justly weigh the benefits and detriments of marijuana use and legalization. When an unbiased person analyzes the controversial topic of cannabis, he or she would realize that the substance does not plainly fall into a single category. There is ample, scientific proof that marijuana has numerous medicinal purposes, such as treating glaucoma andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?972 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana Legalization For thousands of years, marijuana has been used for a myriad of purposes ranging from medical use to recreational use. Although small steps are being for marijuana legalization across the country, there is still a long way to go. Some folks argue that marijuana is a gateway drug and impairs judgement, causing people to act recklessly. However, extensive studies have been conducted on the effects, risks, and benefits of marijuana, and have proven marijuana to be safer thanRead MoreCulture and Transmission of Culture Socialization1153 Words   |  5 Pagesrather pure. The main point about this article is the controversial topic of legalizing medical marijuana and considering it â€Å"medicine† but also tying in with culture. The difference between a regular doctor and a snake oil salesmen is good drugs that are safe to be prescribed compared to marijuana which is someone who is not permitted to prescribe medicine. The first time this issue became in focus was in 1930 dea ling with the American Medical Association. Currently, towards the end of the 20thRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Marijuana Legalization1442 Words   |  6 Pagesof Marijuana remains as one of the most controversial topics. Marijuana, also known as Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to national surveys conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), â€Å"marijuana use rose from 4.1 percent to 9.5 percent of the U.S. adult population in the past decade.† The increase of Marijuana use created an ongoing debate over whether it should be federally legalized or not. Supporters of marijuana legalizationRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Banned Marijuana1282 Words   |  6 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana, is largely known for its use as a psychoactive drug and medicine. It’s become a controversial issue as many people are against legalizing it because they believe it is a gateway drug (a drug that isn’t necessarily addictive, but can lead the user to use more addictive drugs) or for other reasons. Others, such as Daniel J. Pfeifer, support the legalization of marijuana for recreational and/or medicinal use. As a law student, Pfeifer argues the federal government’s

Critical Thinking Paper Corporal Punishment - 1408 Words

Gabriella Reyes Corrections Critical Thinking Paper April 13, 2015 Corporal Punishment Corporal Punishment is a universal argumentation topic that has created a divided line between a population who believe harsher physical punishment should be considered as a sentence against offenders and those who disagree that physical punishment is un-humane to use on an offender. The United States is one out of many countries that fits the above description. Corporal punishment has been restricted from being used in prisons for quite some time. There has been retribution of bringing back corporal punishment into the U.S. criminal system due to the increase of youth violence and the high cost of keeping an inmate in prison for their time being. The meaning of corporal punishment â€Å" is nothing more than the infliction of pain as part of a sentence†(Maddan Hallahan, 2012, P. 99). The canning of teenager Michael Fay convicted of receiving six blows for a misdemeanor of vandalism while in Singapore. During this event he attracted the many responses of Americans who reconsider the idea of corporal punishment. Many argue that corporal punishment should be brought back to be used on juveniles who are to be sentenced for adult time and even misdemeanor charges. (Maddan Hallan, 2012). It could decrease misdemeanor crimes that are being committed by those who are new to crime scene and frighten those who follow. Today, incarceration is a better means of contemporary confining an inmateShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography : Single Mothers896 Words   |  4 Pagessorce meke me think how a little problem that happen in any family could be a big issue for a single parent family. Asses: As my second sorce for my reasorch peaper this sorce give me some answers. Also it open my mind to more questions and critical thinking. One of the things that meke this sorce more intereting and useful for me is one of the main point that it bring to me that is if single perents could be as role model to follow for our little childrems. This sorce is reliable because I foundRead MoreImportance Of Education Essay1824 Words   |  8 PagesSTUDENTS AND CULTIVATING A COOPERATIVE SOCIETY Two concepts are proposed in this paper for the purposes of societal cultivation and human growth. One, that the Arts are critical to human development the growth of society. And two, a practical approach at implementing arts education within the Fairbanks community without relying on public school system. Early childhood and adolescent development are critical times in a human s life especially when it comes to facilitating intelligence growthRead MorePrincipals’ and Students’ Attitude Towards Provision of Guidance and Counselling Servises and Maintenance of Dicsipline in Secondary Schools of Nyamira District-Kenya7287 Words   |  30 Pagesof their many responsibilities to other members of staff (Republic of Kenya, 1979). In essence, the principal is held responsible in case of the failure of any activity or services in the school (Mbithi, 1974). It is within this set up that this paper endevoured to investigate principals’ and students’ attitudes towards provision of guidance and counselling services and maintenance of discipline in schools of Nyamira District. The study also sought to determine the importance of guidance and counsellingRead MoreEffective Communication in Primary Schools1908 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS Concept Paper Strategic Model for Effective Communication in Primary Schools With Focus on the merger between Erdiston Carrington Schools Colleen J. Inniss-Gittens University of the West Indies, Cave Hill PSYC 2016: Communication Psychology ABSTRACT It is critical to consider the efficiency of design, layout and staffing as it relates to successful communication in schools from a psychological perspective. If the design or layout ofRead MoreThe Negative And Positive Impacts Of Solitary Confinement Essay2080 Words   |  9 Pagesforced into a living condition that requires them let go of the outside world. This system of punishment is called solitary confinement. The paper will be go over the positive aspects of solitary confinement and the negative aspects of solitary confinement. This paper addresses the psychological impact of solitary confinement and its implications for outside world adjustments. The first part of this paper will go over how it was deemed positive when invented. According to Brooke Shelby Biggs in theRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System3724 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction The goal of this paper is to analyze if the criminal justice system, as it is constructed today, is doing enough to punish and to deter crime. It will also look to see if there is deterrent in punishment at all. To do this there are a number of theories that should be examined. This includes the following Deterrence theory, rational choice theory, and lastly the positivist theory. The deterrence theory is a very basic, but overlapping theory to all of the others. 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Administrative Reform in Bd Free Essays

string(93) " 1971 after a civil war 17 reforms have been taken from which some reforms are very crucial\." [pic] ASSIGNMENT ON ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM SUBMITTED TO SHAMIMA AKHTER [pic] (JKKNIU) SUBMITTED BY SAIFUDDIN AHAMMED MONNNA Dept. of Public Administration and Governance (JKKNIU) Roll no-11123144, Session-2010-2011 Course code PA-122 {1th Batch (1st year) 2nd Semester B. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Administrative Reform in Bd or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. Honours} Submission date-01. 22. 2012 Table of Contents Serial no | Subject |Pages | |1 |ABSTRACT |2 | |2 |INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND |31 | |3 |Brief Review of Administrative Reforms in Bangladesh |6 | |4 |Major Issues of Administrative Reform in Bangladesh |8 | |5 |List of Major Committees and Commission for Administrative Reform |20 | |6 | 25 | | |DISCUSSION ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ELABORATELY IN THE FOLLOWING | | |7 |CONCLUSION: |36 | |8 |REFERENCES |37 | ABSTRACT This assignment explores the interplay politics and administrative reform in Bangladesh by drawing some perspectives from other developing countries. It covers the period both before and after democratization of the country, hinging around the events of 1991, and thus provides the opportunity for comparisons. It has sought to draw out the relative importance of political will (including the intentions and authority) of governments, and to critically assess their capacity, the degree of co-operation they gained from civil service actors, and to assess the relevance and appropriateness of international donor interventions. INTRODUCTION All countries strive to reform their administrative system in response to the challenge posed by socioeconomic posed, political, and technical environment. Bangladesh is no exception. Since its emergence as a nation- state, Bangladesh has been trying hard to reshape its administrative system. However, despite their perceived importance, administrative reform in Bangladesh has encountered serious hurdles over the last thirty years. Since 1971 after a civil war 17 reforms have been taken from which some reforms are very crucial. You read "Administrative Reform in Bd" in category "Papers" The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following†¦ BACKGROUND: Bangladesh bears a colonial legacy in its entire public administration system. Presentday Bangladesh was part of the British Empire for almost two hundred years. In 1947 Pakistani rulers replaced the British and dominated the area then known as East Pakistan until a bitter war in 1971 brought about an independent Bangladesh. A colonial imprint persists in Bangladesh especially in political and administrative Arrangements . The British tradition helped the bureaucracy to become an essential tool of governance. At the same time, it is accused of following the â€Å"Pakistani tradition of involvement in power politics† (Hague, 1995). The political system of Bangladesh has survived a series of transitions. A few years of democracy were followed by nearly fifteen years of military rule. In 1990, for the first time, Bangladesh achieved a fully functioning democratic structure. Ironically, the nature and role of bureaucracy in both the pre and post-democratic period remained almost the same except for an increase in number of ministries, divisions, departments and statutory bodies (Ahmed, 2002: 323-26). The role of government has changed in the course of Bangladesh’s development. After independence its focus was the attainment of development in all spheres of life by intervention and the use of administration in a constructive way. Government and administration were seen not merely as a regulator but as a facilitator. However, it can be argued that development, when considered as a multi-dimensional concept, cannot be attained and sustained without good governance. The term â€Å"good governance† has Acquired tremendous importance in the contemporary world, especially in the context of the developing countries. For example, many developing countries have prepared . Essential component in implementing the plans and strategies to achieve the targets set forth by PRSP; but good governance is a component that most developing countries seriously lack. Merilee S. Grindle points out that when determining their priorities and taking steps to ensure good governance, most developing countries go too far: they chalk out a plan or strategy far beyond the limited capacity of the institutions charged with implementation responsibilities. Grindle suggests redefining â€Å"Good Governance† as â€Å"Good Enough Governance†, that is, â€Å"a condition of minimally acceptable government erformance and civil society engagement that does not significantly hinder economic and political development and that permits poverty reduction initiatives to go forward† (Grindle, 2004: 526). In Bangladesh, a second-generation development challenge is to achieve â€Å"good enough governance†. No matter how much a government tries, success will not be attained if it lacks competent institutions to implement policies. Public administration is the key institution for policy implementation. If it is not functioning well, then PRSP targets are unlikely to be met. The state has to make sure that its administrative apparatus is functioning well, so that it can innovate and implement solutions and that it can ensure that the poor will not be excluded from the process and benefits of development. From the beginning of the 1990s, the role of government has changed from an intervener to a referee; instead of playing the game, its main duty is to make sure that a fair game is being played. This reinvented role of the government necessitates redefining the role of the bureaucracy. Bureaucracy can be considered as an â€Å"open† system that interacts with or is affected by the environment in which it operates. Traditionally, this environment consisted of only the â€Å"domestic economic, political and social context within which the organization is located. † Now, however, â€Å"public organizations are more often faced with global threats and opportunities that affect their operations and perspectives† (Welch and Wong, 2001: 372-73). The performance of a public organization depends largely on how the domestic political institution handles global pressures as well as how it interacts with the bureaucracy. In a country like Bangladesh, where global pressure is eminent and the domestic political institutions are ill structured, the colonial legacy places the bureaucracy in a difficult position. As globalization or market liberalization changes both the domestic context and the functioning of the bureaucracy, it is possible—but not necessarily desirable—that the two primary state institutions, politics and bureaucracy, forge an alliance. All countries strive to reform their administrative system in response to the challenge posed by socioeconomic posed, political, and technical environment. Bangladesh is no exception. Since its emergence as a nation- state, Bangladesh has been trying hard to reshape its administrative system. However, despite their perceived importance, administrative reform in Bangladesh has encountered serious hurdles over the last thirty years. Since 1971 after a civil war 17 reforms have been taken from which some reforms are very crucial. The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following Brief Review of Administrative Reforms in Bangladesh: Since the emergence of the country, a number of commissions and committees (for details, please see Annex-A) were constituted by different governments for administrative reform and reorganization to suit the needs of their respective policy declarations. The development partners also prepared several reports toward that end. A review of the major efforts is summarized below. The first political government in Bangladesh felt it necessary to rationalize and transform the provincial administrative system it had inherited into a national system which would be able to shoulder the responsibilities of a new born sovereign nation. Accordingly, the government constituted a Committee known as the Administrative and Services Reorganization Committee. The committee reviewed the administrative system thoroughly and proposed a comprehensive structure to enable it to undertake increasing development responsibilities. The recommendations were not, however, implemented due to resistance from different quarters. The subsequent military government in 1976 constituted a commission called as the Pay and Services Commission for recommending measures for administrative reform. The recommendations of the Commission were partially implemented. The Commission recommended for the introduction of an open structure system in the secretariat administration and creation of 28 cadres in the civil service. While the cadre principle was implemented, there was, in essence, a failure to introduce open structure system in the secretarial administration. The martial law government of General Ershad appointed a Committee for examining the organizational set up of the ministries/divisions, departments, directorates and other organizations. The Committee recommended reduction of the number of ministries/divisions, and of staff at the lower levels of secretarial administration, reduction in the layers of the decision making and fixing the supervisory ratio, formalizing and regularizing recruitment processes, emphasizing the principle of merit in promotion, delegation of financial and administrative powers down the hierarchy and providing training for officials. But major recommendations of the Committee were not implemented (Khan, 1991). Later, the martial law government appointed another committee, known as Committee for Administrative Reforms/Reorganization (CARR). The Committee recommended for renaming of Thanas as Upazilas (sub-districts), upgrading the Sub-divisions into districts and installation of elected local governments at district, Upazilla and union levels for the transfer of development functions to these elected local bodies. This time, the government implemented most of the recommendations of the Committee. It upgraded Thanas into Upazilas and sub-divisions into districts. It introduced democratic governance though limited in scope at the Upazila level. In 1987, a Cabinet Sub-committee was formed to recommend policy measures for implementing recommendations of the Secretaries Special Committee on the Structural Organization of the Senior Services Pool (SSP) and the Secretarial Committee relating to the problem of unequal prospects of promotion of officers of different cadre services. The Committee recommended the abolition of the SSP and certain other measures to improve prospects of promotion of officers of various cadre services. The government accepted the recommendations of the Committee and abolished the SSP in 1989. In the same year, another committee was constituted to reexamine the administrative structure and the man power position. The Committee found that 7000 officers and employees were surplus in 37 departments and offices. On the basis of its findings, the Committee recommended the abolition of 27 departments (Khan, 1991; USAID, 1989; Ali, 1993). During the tenure of the last government, an empirical study was conducted and two committees were constituted to look into problems of public administration and recommend measures for reforms. The Public Administration Sector Study was sponsored by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) with a view to suggesting an open, transparent, accountable and performance oriented administrative system to support parliamentary democracy. The Four Secretaries Committee and Committee for Restructuring Ministries/Department were constituted by the government. The areas of investigation of these committees and study included secretarial administration and work procedures, ministry-department relationship, ministry-corporation relationship, project cycle, organization and structure of government, decision making, accountability, human resources development, financial management and corruption. Recommendations made by them were of multifarious nature corresponding to the nature of the problems. The present government constituted the Public Administration Reform Commission in 1997 with the mandate to recommend policies, programs and activities to improve the level of efficiency, effectiveness, accountability and transparency in public organizations and to enable them to fulfil the government’s commitment to ensure socio-economic development and reach out its benefits to the people. The Commission made three types of recommendations, interim, short term and long term for administrative reforms in areas such as, defining of mission and functions of the public offices; affirming professionalism in the civil service; performance monitoring and result oriented performance, audit of government agencies; delegation of powers to subordinate and field offices; open and free access to government documents and reports for the sake of transparency and accountability; separation of judiciary from the executive; separation of audit from accounts; simplification of outdated laws, rules, regulations and forms (GOB, 2000). The Government has implemented some of the interim recommendations of the commission. The cabinet in a recent meeting accepted in principle the other recommendations of the commission. Major Issues of Administrative Reform in Bangladesh: The importance and significance of various reform efforts can not be denied as these have addressed to a large number of is sues relating to public administration in Bangladesh. But it is believed that the following issues should be taken into consideration while attempting for any comprehensive eform effort in the future. 1Role of Government The role of government in terms of dimension and nature of involvement in various activities has direct bearing on any reform effort. With respect to size and functional involvement, the Government of Bangladesh has assumed an all pervasive character. The lack of private initiative, which is a historical phenomenon, as well as government’s compulsions, especially just after the emergence of the country, provided the basis for the extended role and functions of the government. As a result, the role and functions of the government in Bangladesh has become all encompassing from the centre to the grassroots level. Its traditional functions also termed as regulatory functions (maintenance of law and order, collection of revenue and administration of justice) now constitute only a small segment, though their importance has not been reduced at all; rather increased manifold, of the voluminous functions of public administration. But by the nineties of the last century, some major and qualitative changes have taken place both in the internal and external environment of the country. The thrust for the reduced and limited role of the government is recognized nationally and internationally. In the economic sector, local private, and international and multinational initiatives are quite successful in various ventures while the government is found unsuccessful in managing and running public enterprises. On the other hand, a large number of Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), national and international, are shouldering some service and development responsibilities and also demonstrating better performance in their own spheres (CDRB and DPC, 1995). All these realities are now considered as the reflection of the freedom of individual belief and rights-two lofty ideals of modern day democracy. Thus there are both objective and subjective reasons to review the role and functions of the government. 2Public Policy Commitments Public policy commitments generally reflect the hopes and aspirations of the people and the demands of the time. These commitments are made in a democratic polity by the political parties both in power and aspiring to go to power. Public policy commitments are later translated into administrative actions. In Bangladesh, it has been observed that the public policy commitments made by the government are not pursued wholeheartedly. The institutional mechanisms, both internal and external, are also weak to monitor the translation of these into concrete administrative actions. Internal mechanisms include, administrative and political will of the government and effective administrative monitoring system. On the other hand, external mechanisms are specific parliamentary standing committees and effective role of the political parties in parliament and constructive role of the press and media. Moreover, public policy commitments lack consensus especially of the opposition political parties. As a result, public policy commitments made by one government are, in many cases, scraped or set aside by the next government that comes to power. 3Neutral Governance Currently neutral governance has become a common concern of politicians, administrators, academics and common people as every body are beneficiaries of it. Neutral governance is essential for the sustenance, growth and development of democratic polity. Modern day parliamentary democracies are based on multi party system. Under the system, a number of political parties with varying ideologies and agenda compete for assuming the state power or forming the government through the electoral process. Political parties stay in power so long as they enjoy the support and confidence of the people. The public administrative system that symbolizes permanency and continuity has to function under and at the direction of different political parties at different points of time. Under the above reality, the administration must ensure neutral governance. The concept of neutral governance with respect to a developing country like Bangladesh could be viewed from the perspective of Maintenance of Law and Order/Enforcement; Administration of and Access to Justice; and Planning and Execution of Development Programs. 3. 1Maintenance of Law and Order/Enforcement Maintenance of law and order is essential for ensuring neutral governance. Broadly speaking, maintenance of law and order has two aspects viz. maintenance of public peace, investigation and trial of criminal cases (GOP, 1960). The above involves both executive and judicial functions. Three elements are involved in it, the police, the magistracy and the judiciary (Ali, et. al. , 1983). The maintenance of public peace does not mean pre vention and control of any special type of crime. This deals with general law and order situations that may even be disturbed by non-criminal activities. Though crime may be committed, the real nature of the emergency here may be political or economic or communal. On the other hand, the investigation and trial of criminal cases may be described as prevention; investigation and detection; and prosecution of crime. It is believed that first of all crime should be prevented. If not prevented then the crime is committed. Once a crime is committed it must then be investigated and detected. The successful investigation leads to prosecution. Besides these, the police perform many other functions that have direct or indirect bearing on the maintenance of law and order/enforcement. Some of these are: execution of processes of criminal courts, regulation of crowds and traffic and other duties to meet emergency situations. To ensure neutral governance with respect to the maintenance of law and order/enforcement, the police administration should enjoy freedom from interference from any quarters. If interference are made Police administration can not function or discharge its duties and responsibilities without fear or favour. But in recent years, it has been alleged that the law enforcing agencies have been subjected to influences of various kinds to meet the political ends of the parties in power. Such practices seriously erode the confidence of the people and directly violate the principle of neutral governance, above all, they encourage the police particularly at the lower echelons, to take advantage of such biased position of the authorities to convert the opportunity for unrestrained personal gains. And this is what has happened in Bangladesh. 3. 2Administration of and Access to Justice-Rule of Law Administration and access to justice is a primary requirement for establishing the rule of law in the country. Again, the rule of law must be considered as an important dimension for sustainable democracy, accountable administration and equitable development. In the area of administration of justice in Bangladesh, the judicial system is subjected to some fundamental and procedural problems. Although there is constitutional provision for the separation of judiciary from the executive, concrete steps are yet be taken to separate the two especially at the lower level. It has been reported that now a bill proposing the separation of the judiciary and the executive is pending in the parliament for enactment. The combination of the executive/police and authority of criminal justice in the hands of the executive government was the innovation of the colonial power and it was specifically designed to meet the colonial purposes. However, non-action to separate the judiciary from administration helped accentuate bureaucratic authoritarianism and interference in the judicial process especially at the lower levels. Moreover, certain constitutional provisions require collaborative efforts of the Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs and the Supreme Court in the area of personnel management of the judges. Interference of the executive branch in the personnel management of the judiciary hampers judicial independence. In Bangladesh, successive governments meddled with the affairs of the judiciary to serve their narrow political ends. This state of affairs has seriously eroded the confidence of the people in the impartiality of the judicial process. Access to justice is another precondition for establishing rule of law in the country. Easy and timely access to judicial redress is essential for limiting or arresting the high handedness of the executive organ of the government. Repressive and sweeping laws also limit the private citizens’ access to the judiciary. Moreover, the structural and institutional inefficiency of the judicial system has created manifold problems which fails to check the excesses of the executive arm and the bureaucratic authority and to safeguard the civil rights of the people at large. 3. Planning and Execution of Development Program Another dimension of the concept of neutral governance is the neutral or impartial planning and execution of development programs. In developing countries like Bangladesh, initiatives for balanced development of the different parts of the country should come from the government. Moreover, for obvious reasons, the government has to shoulder the major responsibility with respect to economic and social sector development. But it has been observed that, in many cases, development programs are undertaken and executed to serve the narrow party interest of the political party in power at the expense of the national interest. The other phenomenon that is very much in existence in Bangladesh is that the people who are associated with the ruling party are awarded with various contracts relating to the execution of the development programs. Such practices breed corruption and the quality of the execution of the development programs also suffers. Sometimes, a nexus is developed between the political parties, government executing agencies and the implementers/contractors that results in waste and unnecessary cost escalation of development projects. But the concept of neutral governance with respect to planning and execution of the development programs suggests that national, not narrow party and or other interests, should come into prominence in the planning and execution of the development programs. The legitimate policy bias should not pervade the concept of neutral governance with respect to planning and execution of specific development plans and projects. It is natural that different political parties will have different policies and programs but this does not mean that their implementation should any way suffer from any partisan application. .4. Provider of Services Government’s role has changed with the passage of time. In the beginning, the basic purpose was to maintain the steady state. As such, the role was basically regulatory in nature. The concentration was on revenue collection, maintenance of law and order and administration of justice. The administrative system that Bangladesh inherited from the British in 1947 was developed for assuming the above stated roles. Then the government for the first time was called upon to shoulder new responsibilities in addition to its earlier role in traditional/regulatory administration. In the sphere of traditional administration, the emphasis was on maintaining steady state so that the nation can strive for better life both at the individual citizen’s level and also at the national level (Hussain, 1986). With the changed scenario, a new dimension was added to the role of the government, i. e. , development administration. The assumption of this new role was necessitated with the rising expectations of the people. Government at this stage, in the absence of any other alternative choice, had to intervene in different sectors (broadly, economic and service) of the national life to ensure all round national development. The situation in 1947 was such that there was virtually no private sector and entrepreneurial capacity of the private citizens was almost non-existent. Under compulsion, the government had to intervene in all sectors. This phenomenon continued through out the Pakistani period. Another point should be noted here that during this period whatever capacity developed in the private sector was confined mostly to the erstwhile West Pakistani (now Pakistani) nationals (Ahmed, 1980; Jahan, 1977) After the emergence of Bangladesh the situation was even worse. The institutional business enterprises and industries were mostly owned by the Pakistanis and these were left behind by them. The government had no choice but to nationalize those. On the other hand, government of the time also opted for a mixed economy. Consequently, the government’s roles and functions increased manifold. Besides, this period also witnessed the creation of a number of public enterprises especially in the economic sector (Sobhan and Ahmed (1980). In the service sector the government’s role and functions also increased considerably. The government ultimately became the main provider of services to the people. After the change of government in 1975, Government’s policies regarding its role underwent fundamental changes. Emphasis was put on the development of private initiatives in all sectors of national life. In the economic sector, thrust was given for the development of private entrepreneurial class (Ahmed, 1980). At the same time, the government went for the denationalization of different state owned enterprises. This period also saw the rise of a large number of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). These organizations started to take active part in development and service sectors especially at the grassroots level. In spite of all these developments, the government in Bangladesh still remains the primary providers of services in all sectors. The all encompassing role of the government resulted in mismanagement and overburdening of the administrative system. Now the time has come to redefine and delimit the role of the government as provider of services and also to look for alternative strategies for providing these to suit the demand of time. 5Civil Service An efficient and effective role of civil service in a developing democratic polity is of vital importance. The efficiency of public servants is a sine qua non for managing the affairs of the state. On the other hand, the involvement of the public servants must not transcend the boundary of the democratic framework. However, bureaucratic efficiency depends on conducive political and bureaucratic environment and culture suiting the needs of the hour; existence of the democratic values in the administrative system; and existence of mechanisms to have checks on bureaucratic excesses. 5. 1Bureaucratic Norms In multi-party democracy, public servants have to perform functions, such as, to inform the ministers and parliament with complete and accurate data presented objectively and in time; to advise ministers by analysis of data and appraisal of options in which they can have confidence; to implement ministerial decisions and to administer resultant decision; and to be responsible to minister and parliament for their actions (or inaction) with particular reference to the safeguarding of public funds and ensuring effective value for money (Stowes, 1992). With respect to the bureaucratic norms of the civil service in Bangladesh experience reveals that these are adhered to a very limited scale. A number of socio-economic and political factors, including historical peculiarities have impeded the growth of accountable structure of administration in Bangladesh. As a result, the ‘high office arrogance’, unethical behaviour, gross inefficiency, failure to respect legislative intent a nd failure to show initiatives have become apparent in the civil service of Bangladesh (Hussain and Sarker, 1995). 5. 2Decision Making Process Efficient decision making procedures are part of the professional and result-oriented administration. The organization and structure of the government and public service and administrative culture have bearing on the decision making system. In Bangladesh, the Rules of Business outline the basic provisions relating to the distribution of responsibilities among different units of government. Under the existing arrangement of the governmental administration, the ministry is responsible for formulating policies. The directorates/departments/statutory bodies and field offices implement policies. In fact, the existing arrangement implies a policy formulation-implementation dichotomy. Interestingly, such a dichotomy has a corresponding relationship to the structural arrangement of the system, resulting in the conflicting relationship between generalists and specialists. There is also confusion about the nature of decisions. It is difficult to draw a demarcation line between the policy decisions and the operational decisions. This confusion complicates the disposal of cases. This, along with centralized tendency in administration causes delay in decision making. Jurisdictional infringement, buck passing, distortion of priorities, employee disorientation and misallocation of resources are many of the factors responsible for such a state of affairs (Huda and Rahman, 1989). The other important aspect that may be noted here is that the discourse on decision making is confined only to the bureaucratic structure. For instance, there is no indication in the Rules of Business regarding the role of parliament members in decision making particularly at various administrative levels, without violating the separation of power policy. 5. 3Corruption Corruption has been and continues to be an unfortunate integral part of administrative culture in Bangladesh. But in recent times, it has taken an all pervasive form. A recent donor sponsored study reflecting on the harmful effect of bribery, corruption, kickbacks and under the table payments for various administrative decisions and actions noted that the per capita income in corruption free Bangladesh could have nearly doubled to US$ 700 (currently it is estimated to be US$350) (Transparency International, Bangladesh, 2000). Government officials especially, involved in development projects, service delivery, enforcement and regulatory agencies at all levels are reported to be colluding with private bidders and contractors and service seekers and consequently amassing vast illegal incomes in the bargain. The reasons for such corruption can be summed up: Firstly, because of institutional weaknesses, civil servants involved in corrupt practices, in most of the cases, are not taken to task and they indulge in corruption with impunity. Moreover, even if found guilty, they have never been adequately punished nor compelled to return to the state their ill-gotten wealth. Secondly, for quick service delivery, citizens in general, now do not mind to pay bribes and kickbacks. Thirdly, there is now social acceptance of corruption. Fourthly, barring occasional public procurements, the representatives of the people, i. e. politicians especially those who are in power, are not very enthusiastic to take effective measures to curb corrupt practices in public dealings. Rather in many cases, it is alleged that they have become party to various dubious deals. 6. Administrative Accountability Government policy decisions are implemented through bureaucratic mechanisms; as such, administrative accountability is essential for good government. In developing polity, there is a tendency on the part of the public bureaucracy to exercise power in an authoritarian manner. Bangladesh bureaucracy is also no exception to that. Authoritarian organization culture still persists. Democratic values are still lacking in the bureaucracy. This is due to the colonial legacy that the administration inherited and lack of experience of the bureaucratic system to function under broader democratic political environment. There is a marked lack of clarity and in deed there is an imbalance between the role of bureaucracy and the role of public representatives and political leaders in the policy making and overall governance system. No systematic measures have been taken so far to streamline the institutional integration of popular interests and technical expertise at all levels of government. As a result, efficiency and accountability suffer under democratic political leadership. The arrogance of high office, unethical behaviour, failure to respect legislative intent and apathy towards work have been rampant (UNDP, 1993). However, elaborate measures should be undertaken to curtail bureaucratic excess. Its role should not go beyond the limits that may thwart democratic ideals and practices. Some of the measures could be through the effective roles of the parliament, media and the civil society. . 1Role of Parliament Bangladesh has again gone back to the parliamentary form of government after amending the constitution (GOB, 1998). Under the present system, the executive branch is responsible to the parliament and that the peoples’ representatives must have sufficient voice in the design and formulation of public policy. In Bangladesh, the parliament is primarily concerned with enacting legislation and ratifying decisions that the executive has already taken. Thus, it is clearly observed that peoples’ representatives have no substantive role in policy formulation. The role of parliamentary committees is very significant in this regard. These statutory committees are expected to scrutinize various aspects of government actions. Moreover, they should function in such a manner so as to ensure transparency of vital government businesses. However, in Bangladesh, the parliamentary committees so far have failed to play the vital role in making the administration accountable. Some important committees such as, Public Accounts Committee, Committee on Estimates, Committee on Public Undertaking and other standing committees on various ministries are not performing well enough to ensure accountability of executive government. Committee meetings are not held regularly and ministers in many cases do not attend the meetings. More importantly, the decisions of the committees are not followed by actions. The other feature of Bangladesh politics is the excessive reliance on exercising executive authority by keeping the parliament in the dark. In most cases, policy issues are not discussed in the parliament. This weakens parliament’s authority to hold the executive accountable to it. Another interesting feature of Bangladesh politics is that the opposition political parties oppose the ruling party for the sake of opposition only. Moreover, boycotting/non-participation in the sessions of the parliament has also become a regular practice of the opposition political parties. But to have healthy political environment and to hold the party in power responsible for the actions/inaction, opposition political parties should play a positive role both within and outside the parliament. 6. 2Role of Media Role of media is very important in ensuring administrative accountability. Information about government actions are largely reported through the media both electronic and print. By ensuring free flow of information, the media also ensures transparency of administrative actions. Currently, the print media is enjoying considerable freedom in Bangladesh. They bring lapses and excesses of the executive to the notice of the public and thereby making them accountable. But exclusive government control over state run mass media like radio and television run contrary to the concept of free flow of information and transparency. Such exclusive control has negative bearing on ensuring administrative accountability. In Bangladesh, both radio and television are solely owned and controlled by the government. As a result, these two media are acting as the spokesmen of the government or rather the party in power. Impartial information and views, in most of the cases, are not usually broadcast. Moreover, views of the opposition political parties and groups do not receive proper and adequate attention of the state run radio and television. As we know, the role of media by facilitating the free flow of information of all government actions is very essential for ensuring executive and administrative accountability. The reforms which, according to the press reports, are on the anvil appear to fall short of expectations of the nation in as much as the government control on the state run electronic media remains virtually overlooked. 6. 3Role of Civil Society From a functional perspective, there is a general tendency to treat civil society as one of the three sections that constitute a nation – the other two being the public sector or the government and the private sector or the profit-seeking enterprises. Very broadly, civil society can be defined as those organizations that exist between the level of the family and the state and enjoy a degree of autonomy from the state and the market, and provide a counter-balance to the power of the state and the market. Civil society may also be viewed as organized activities by groups or individuals either performing certain services or trying to influence and improve the society as a whole, but are not part of government or business (Jorgensen, 1996). In Bangladesh, civil society includes indigenous community groups, mass organizations, cooperatives, religious societies, trade unions, and professional bodies. Given the dynamics of the political process, it is indeed difficult to set a prescribed role for the civil society in Bangladesh. The role of civil society, in fact, depends on the nature of the demand and prevailing conditions of a polity. However, areas of involvement of the civil society in the context of Bangladesh are policy advocacy, mobilization of public opinion, demand creation, active participation in policy formulation process, bridging the gap between citizens and government, pressurizing the government with the help of the media, supporting the popular movement in favour of a given policy issue, lobbying with the donor groups/development partners, playing the role of mediator/ arbitrator between citizens and government, and policy analysis, etc. Civil society, by its actions, performs as pressure group in the polity in attaining administrative accountability. In the true sense of the term, the civil society is only emerging in Bangladesh. In recent years, the civil society has made some limited but positive contributions towards ensuring executive and administrative accountability. But it has been observed that some groups of the civil society movement are politicized and divided on political lines. Though there has been a steady and random growth of the civil society organizations, there is virtually no active network of them to look after collective interests of the people. More concerted efforts are needed to organize and further develop the civil society institutions so that they can play an appropriate role in making the executive and the administration accountable to people. MAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following List of Major Committees and Commission for Administrative Reform |S. n. |Name of the Committee/Commission |Focus Areas |Major Recommendations |Observation | |1 |Civil Administration Restoration |Organizational set up for the |Establishment of 20 Ministries, 3 other secretariat organizations and|Secretariat administration was reorganized with 20 ministries. | |Committee, 1971 |Government after the emergence of |7 constitutional bodies |Constitutional bodies like Supreme Court, the High Court, the Public | | | |Bangladesh |Detailed specification of functions of civil servants at the |Service Commission, the Election Commission and the Office of the | | | | |Div ision, District, Sub-division levels |Comptroller and Auditor General were established | | | | |Providing appropriate status and respect to the officers and staff of| | | | | |civil administration as lawful organs of the Government | | |2 |Administrative and Services Structure |Civil Service Structure |Unified civil service structure with a continuous grading system |The report of the Committee was not published | | |Reorganization Committee, 1972 | |from top to the bottom. Division of all posts into two broad | | | | | |categories: Functional and Area Group Posts. Top 3 grades, i,e. I, | | | | | |II and III to be designated as Senior Policy and Management Posts | | |3 |National Pay Commission, 1972 |Pay Issues |10 scales of pay in line with the recommendation of the ASRC |New national pay scale with 10 grades was introduced | |4 |Pay and Services Commission, 1977 |Civil Service Structure and Pay Issues |52 scales of pay and equal initial scales of pay and equitable |The New Na tional Grades and Scales of Pay was introduces with 21 | | | | |opportunities for advancement to the top for all |scales of pay | | | | |Introduction of Superior Policy Pool at the top of the civil service |28 services under 14 main cadres were created within the civil service| | | | |Establishment of Civil Service Ministry by abolishing Establishment |A Senior Services Pool was constituted | | | | |Ministry | | |5 |Martial Law Committee for Examining |Reorganization and Rationalization of |Reduction in the number of ministries/divisions/directorates and |Number of ministries were reduced from 36 to 19 | | |Organizational Set up of |Manpower in Public Sector Organizations|sun-ordinate offices |Number of other offices were reduced from 243 to 181 | | |Ministries/Divisions/Directorates and | | |Number of constitutional bodies were reduced from 12 to 9. Number of | | |other organizations, 1982 | |Reduction of layers for decision making |officials and employees mostly working at the lower levels was reduced| | | | | |from 9,440 to 3,222 | | | | |Delegation of administrative and financial powers down the hierarchy | | |6 |Committee for Administrative Reform and |Reorganization of Field Level |Up gradation of Thanas with Thana Parishads as the focal point of |The new system of administration and local government was introduced | | |Reorganization, 1982 |Administration |local administration |in 460 Thana’s (Thanas were later renamed as Upazilas) | |7 |National Pay Commission, 1984 |Pay Issues |New National Pay Scale with 20 grades |The New National Scales of Pay was introduces with 20 scales of pay | | |Secretaries Committee on Administrative |Promotion Aspects |Maintenance of status quo for 10 cadre services as promotion prospect| | | |Development, 1985 | |had been satisfactory | | |8 |Special Committee to Review the Structu re |Structure of Senior Services Pool (SSP)|Continuation of SSP as a cadre |Recommendations were referred to the Cabinet Sub-committee for | | |of Senior Services Pool, 1985 | |Entry into the SSP only through examination to be conducted by the |examination | | | | Public Service Commission | | | | | |Tenure of Secretaries be limited to 8 years | | |9 |Cabinet Sub-committee, 1987 |Review of SSP and Promotion Aspects |Creation of 50% of posts of Deputy Secretaries within the pay scales |Recommendations were referred to the Council Committee for | | | |Rules of Business |of Taka 4200-5200 for making SSP more attractive |examination. The recommendations of the Council Committee were not | | | | |Tenure of Secretaries should not be limited |approved by the President | |10 | 1996Committee to Re-examine the necessity|Necessity or otherwise of keeping | | | | |of keeping certain Government Offices in |certain Government Offices | | | | |the light of changed circumstances, 1989 | | | | |11 |National Pay Commission,1989 |Pay Issues |Revised National Scales of Pay |20 revised Nation Scales of Pay was introduced | |12 |Administrative Reorganization Committee, |Administrative structure and staffing |Reduction of the number of ministries from 35 to 22 and the number of|The report of the Committee was not made public | | |1993 |patterns |administrative organization from 257 to 224 | | | | | |Provisional structure for the Office of Ombudsman | | | | |Creation of a Secretariat for the Supreme Court | | |12 |National Pay Commission, |Pay Issues |Revised National Scales of Pay |20 revised Nation Scales of Pay was introduce d | | | |Structure and reorganization of | | | | | |manpower across | | | | | |Ministries/Departments/Directorates, | | | | | |etc. | | |13 |Administrative Reorganization Committee, |Administrative structure for improving | | | | |1996 |the quality and standard of service, | | | | | |achieve transparency and efficiency | | | |14 |Public Administration Reform Commission, | |Determination of Missions and functions of the public offices |Some of the interim recommendations have been implemented | | |1997 | |Formation of a professional policy making group â€Å"Senior Management |The recommendations of the Commission have been accepted by the | | | | |Pool† Lateral entry into the civil service |government in a recently held cabinet meeting | | | | |Reduction of the number of ministries from 36 to 25 and the abolition| | | | | |of 6 organizations. Establishment of the Supreme Court Secretarial. | | | | |Establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman | | | | | |The local co uncils/Parishads at the district, Upazila and Union | | | | | |should have overall authority of coordination of development | | | | | |activities . Establishment of an Independent Commission Against | | | | | |Corruption, Establishment of a Criminal Justice Commission | | | | | |Magnetization of public service benefits; Establishment of a Public | | | | | |Administration Reform monitoring Commission | | DISCUSSION ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ELABORATELY IN THE FOLLOWING†¦. Administrative and service structure reorganization committee(ASRC): On 15 March 1972 a four members administrative and service reorganization committee (ASRC) was appointed and submitted its report in two phases in April 1973 and in May 1974. Mission of ASRC: The ASRC was asked – To consider the present structure of various service†¦.. And determine the future structure keeping in the view fundamental needs. To consider the amalgamation of all civil services †¦.. Into one unified service. To determine the principle of integration of the personnel of various service in the new structure and to determine inter seniority of personnel in different service. To determine the future recruitment policy in the government service and various levels. To prepare and recommend a comprehensive scheme for administrative reorganization. Significant recommendation: The ASRC have done some important recommendations. As like- The committee felt that division between former all Pakistan and other central superior services and the former provincial service as well division between higher and lower classes be abolished and a continuous grading system from top to bottom should be substituted in each occupational group. The committee suggested that reservation of posts for various groups within the public service should be discontinued. All public servants, the ASRC recommended, should be organized in a single classes unified grading structure (UGS) covering the whole public service. To inculcate professionalism in the public service, the committee suggested, division of all posts within it into two broad categories to be designated as functional posts and area group posts. The ASRC called for designating posts in top three grades, i. e. I. II and III as senior policy and management posts and tightening selection procedure for entrance into senior management positions. The committee also suggested a detail plan as to how its proposal for UGS be implemented throughout the public service. The ASRC felt that individuals should be recruited to various grads as in the public service on the basis of merit as tested by their performance in competitive public examination. The ASRC also made a number of specific recommendations to democratize the governance and reduce the powers. As like- Increasing devolution of power and authority to elected local governments at different levels district, Thana, and union was forcefully argued to enable locally elected officials to provide leadership in developmental activities without interference from central government officials placed in the field. Different local levels field tiers had to be rationalized with upgrading of subdivisions into districts and abolition of division. Separation of the judiciary from the executive had to be ensured for successful functioning of a democratic policy. At the central levels the role o the secretariat needed to be restricted to policy formulation, planning and evaluation of the executed plans and programs. Fate of ASRC The ASRC submitted its recommendations to the government in two phases. But there was no official response to the committee’s work till the end of the Mujib government. It is difficult to understand why far- reaching recommendations of ASRC was shelved in spite of the fact that accepting the members. All members including the chairman were close to Mujib both politically and personally. It is on record that Mujib was unhappy with the poor performance on lack of commitment of many senior civil servants. He knew the problems but did not want to go all the way to solve the malices. That created the paradox and consequently Mujib’s lack of action. National pay commission(NPC): A nation pay commission (NPC-1) was appointed on 21July 1972 under the chairmanship of a retired secretary to the government. Besides the chairman, there were nine members. The membership of the commission included full –time and five part-time members. Mission: The national pay commission (NPC-1) was assigned with a number of tasks. These included: Reviewing the pay structure of all employees in the public sector keeping in view the government’s policy of socialism. Recommending rationalization and standardization of pay scales of those who served under erstwhile central and provincial governments. Significant recommendations: The guiding principles followed by NPC-1 in recommending a rational pay structure were a livable wage, social acceptability, functionally distinguishable levels of responsibility matched with standardized pay levels and motivation based on patriotic grounds. The NPC-1 felt that a nine tiers administrative structure with corresponding pay scales could meet the requirements of a rational structure in Bangladesh during next five years 1973-1978 of the nine scales for would be normal direct entry tiers, three promotion tiers and two conversion ties but the commission’s plan had to be modified to bring it in line with ASRC recommendation. Fate of NPC Some of the recommendations f the commission were partially implemented however, majority of the recommendations of the NPC-1 were not implemented. Reasons can be offered as to why the commission’s recommendations suffered such a fact: Compression of 2200 scales into 10 scales was very difficult task and it proved to be at the implementation stage. No major segment within the civil service supported the recommendations. Rather almost everybody who mattered opposed it. Pay and service commission(PSC): The pay and service commission (PSC) was appointed on 20 February 1976 consisted of thirteen member including the chairman, headed by retired secretary who was changed in mid-way and replaced by another senior civil servant. Mission: The PSC was asked to examine the existing pay and service structure of public sector except defense service and university’s teaching posts, recommend suitable service structure and pay structure including fringe benefits for civil service. In marking its recommendation, the commission had to consider some factors such as: Functional needs and requirements of the government, job requirement or various service and posts, cost of living, resources of the government and public sector enterprises, reduction of disparity between the highest and the lowest salary levels, demand and supply of various profession and occupation. It had another main business to examine both service and pay matters of all employees in the traditional public sector and this had to be accomplished within a given set of constraints. Fate of PSC: The government slowly and implemented some of the recommendations in modified form and it took two years. Creation of twenty eight services under fourteen main cadres within the civil service. The government in 1977 provided for twenty –one scales of pay through the introduction of new national grades and scales of pay (NNGSP). In the process the government drastically scales down the number, that is fifty scales of pay which PSC recommended but the NNGSP satisfied very few people. Constitution of senior service pool (SSP) by the government. The (SSP) was modeled in light of the PSC call for creation of a superior policy pool (SSP), but the SSP order was formulated and implemented in such a manner that the objective behind SSP was willfully ignored. Martial Law Committee -1(MLC-1): A five – member martial law committee for examining organization set up of ministries /divisions , departments , directorates and other organization under them (MLC) was appointed on April 18,1982 under the chairmanship of a Brigadier . The other members of the committee were two lieutenant colonels, one major and one mid ranking civil servant. The latter was made secretary to the committee. Mission of MLC-1: The committee’s responsibility included: To review and recommend charter of duties of various sectors, branches, wings, divisions and departments. To scrutinize existing and How to cite Administrative Reform in Bd, Papers

A Red Spot Commentary Essay Example For Students

A Red Spot Commentary Essay The passage under consideration is Rabia Raihanes A Red Spot from the collection of short stories Sardines and Oranges, commencing To join the girls in their afternoon play and ending staring hard at a red spot on the tiled floor. The story consists of a young girls metamorphosis into a woman, and as she matured, she realizes the true meaning of being a woman in her culture and began her struggle of resistance of being a slave. The story is narrated through a young girls view as she undertakes both physical and mental transition from a girl to a woman; and it is through that view, Rabia precisely captures the essence of the sexual unjust that exists in the Muslin culture and boldly revealed it to the readers. Stylistically Rabia Raihanes utilization of an impassioned third person narration with along with a very interesting use of fragmented structure and syntax lively illustrates a Muslin girls journey of becoming a woman. The story began with a light and carefree writing style with general vocabularies and excessive details. When the protagonist first hears the news of the marriage, she is surprised but she completely forgotten about the matter.(A Red Spot paragraph 4) She did thought about the significance of the event, but it was later that she realizes the more profound meaning behind it. She remembered the story of the Policemans daughter who lost her virginity before marriage. She also recalled the consequences of her act: she had to willingly suffer as a lowly slave bearing disgrace, and that is when the protagonist started her rebalance: I dont want to get married. I really dont.This impactful conversation between the mother and the daughter reveals what many young women hold dear: Freedom. She will become a slave to the society if she looses her virginity before marriage but even if she keeps it until her marriage, she will still become a slave; an honorable slave, but a slave non the less. This paradox torments the protagonist as she sought a way out, but there is none. The lowly status of women has already been deeply entrenched into the society; puberty for girls has turned bitter into a death-sentence they cannot escape. Rabia Raihane accurately captures the existence of the sexual prejudice in Muslin culture. As a woman, you can never escape the claws of slavery; the practice is so entrenched into the society that it can never be altered. Rabia reveals that with the reaction of the protagonists mother towards her daughters rebellion:  My answer seemed to stun her and she sat there brooding.  Then I heard her say in an aggrieved voice:  Why would you do that?  (A Red Spot paragraph 21)  The protagonists rebellion has set her mother into brooding, she remembers herself in the same situation. Why would you do that? she asked, but the use of aggrieved has already show that she already knows the answer to this, she was also a young girl once, she also desired for liberty, but the culture convention forbids it for her, and the cycle continues. Rabia Raihanes use of third-person narration expertly captures the emotion of a woman-to-be towards slavery and her futile attempts to break free of the system. Furthermore, her fragmented and timeless narration and the structure of the story effectively impacts the readers: first the protagonist knows about the news of her marriage, then the story leaps and describe how she suddenly realizes the world is not the same for her anymore. Her mind began to battle, jumping from a story of the policemans daughter, to her own memories regarding virginity, and finally, she confronts her mother. The plot of the story was confusing at the start but it all made sense in the end and thats when the story makes its impact.  In conclusion, this passage effectively serves as a lively narration for the protagonists transition from a young girl to a woman which Rabia Raihane exploits to reveal the sexual prejudice that exist in the Muslin culture. Through the protagonists attempt to break free of slavery, Rabia is conveying the desire for freedom of the women. Rabias skillful use of interesting structure and excessive information makes A Red Spot an entertaining novel.